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Medieval nominalism, a philosophical school emerging in the 14th century and associated with thinkers like William of Ockham and Gabriel Biel, rejected the existence of real universals (shared essences or forms) outside the mind, treating them as mere names or mental abstractions.

Baptism has long been a cornerstone of Christian practice, but its meaning—particularly whether water baptism actually accomplishes spiritual regeneration—has sparked debate in modern times.

The Eucharist, a sacrament that has sparked profound debate since the Reformation. Catholics maintain that during the Mass, the bread and wine truly become the Body and Blood of Jesus Christ—His real presence.

A look at Justin Martyr's view of Malachi's prophecy being fulfilled in the Eucharistic sacrifice while Protestants spiritualize the words akin to Judiaism down to this day. In his Dialogue with Trypho (Chapter 41), Justin Martyr explains Malachi 1:11 as a prophecy foretelling the Christian Eucharist offered by Gentiles worldwide, in contrast to the rejected Jewish sacrifices. He writes:

May it be known in the month of November upon the 8th day and of the year 2025 of our Lord and Savoir Jesus Christ has this site come to be.